Katastrophismus: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

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[[Bild:Whewell.gif|thumb|'''Abb. 1''' William Whewell (1794–1866) prägte und popularisierte Anfang der 1830er Jahre den noch heute gebräuchlichen Ter- minus 'Katastrophismus' und auch das Gegenwort 'Uniformitarismus'.]]
 
[[Bild:Whewell.gif|thumb|'''Abb. 1''' William Whewell (1794–1866) prägte und popularisierte Anfang der 1830er Jahre den noch heute gebräuchlichen Ter- minus 'Katastrophismus' und auch das Gegenwort 'Uniformitarismus'.]]
  
([[Das Team|red]]) Der Begriff >'''Katastrophismus'''< (Engl.: >'''Catastrophism'''<) wurde zu Beginn der 1830er Jahre von dem britischen Philosophen, Theologen, Naturwissenschaftler und Wissenschaftshistoriker [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whewell William Whewell] '''(Abb. 1)''' eingeführt (der ebenfalls von ihm geprägte Gegenbegriff lautet: '''Uniformitarismus''').  
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([[Das Team|red]]) Der Begriff >'''Katastrophismus'''< (Engl.: >'''Catastrophism'''<) wurde zu Beginn der 1830er Jahre von dem britischen Philosophen, Theologen, Naturwissenschaftler und Wissenschaftshistoriker [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whewell William Whewell] '''(Abb. 1)''' eingeführt (der ebenfalls von ihm geprägte Gegenbegriff lautet: '''Uniformitarismus'''). Er bezeichnet eine wissenschaftliche Denkrichtung oder Grundhaltung, welche die überragende Bedeutung katastrophischer Ereignisse für die Geschichte unseres Sonnensystems, der Erde und ihrer Biosphäre, sowie der Entwicklung und Zivilisationsgeschichte der Menschheit hervorhebt.
  
Er bezeichnet ein Ideengebäude
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In der modernen [[Geologie - Antipode oder Hilfswissenschaft der Atlantisforschung?|Geologie]] - von der [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Sprague_de_Camp Lyon Sprague de Camp] pointiert erklärt, sie sei im "''17. und 18. Jahrhundert''" aus "''vagen Spekulationen darüber''" entstanden, "''ob Felsen sich wie Tiere fortpflanzen''" <ref>Quelle: [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Sprague_de_Camp Lyon Sprague de Camp], "[http://books.google.de/books?id=U8pWMQAACAAJ&dq=Lyon+Sprague+de+Camp+Versunkene+Kontinente Versunkene Kontinente - Von Atlantis, Lemuria u. anderen untergegangenen Zivilisationen]", 1975, S. 158</ref>, stellte der '''Katastrophismus''' zunächst
  
  
  
Catastrophism is the theory that Earth has been affected by sudden, short-lived, violent events that were sometimes worldwide in scope. The dominant paradigm of geology has been gradualism, but a more inclusive and integrated view of geologic events has developed.
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Der bedeutendste Vertreter des Katastrophismus dieser gilt der französische Naturforscher Baron Georges de Cuvier (1769-1832) mit seiner Kataklysmentheorie. Cuvier vermutete, dass am Ende einzelner geologischer Epochen alle Tiere und Pflanzen in einem bestimmten Gebiet durch riesige Naturkatastrophen ('Revolutionen') vernichtet wurden. Wie die meisten seiner Zeitgenossen dachte er hierbei v.a. an große Überschwemmungen, wie etwa die Sintflut. Die vernichteten Lebewesen würden danach von anderen (neu zugewanderten, oder neu erschaffenen) Arten ersetzt. Hiermit versuchte er, die überall zu beobachtenden, markanten Veränderungen im Fossilbestand der Gesteine zu erklären.
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''Einige zentrale Persönlichkeiten des Frühen Katastrophismus'''
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[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Woodward John Woodward] (1665–1728)
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[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Scheuchzer Johann Jakob Scheuchzer] (1672-1733)
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[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whiston William Whiston] (1667-1752)
  
  
Der bedeutendste Vertreter des Katastrophismus dieser gilt der französische Naturforscher Baron Georges de Cuvier (1769-1832) mit seiner Kataklysmentheorie. Cuvier vermutete, dass am Ende einzelner geologischer Epochen alle Tiere und Pflanzen in einem bestimmten Gebiet durch riesige Naturkatastrophen ('Revolutionen') vernichtet wurden. Wie die meisten seiner Zeitgenossen dachte er hierbei v.a. an große Überschwemmungen, wie etwa die Sintflut. Die vernichteten Lebewesen würden danach von anderen (neu zugewanderten, oder neu erschaffenen) Arten ersetzt. Hiermit versuchte er, die überall zu beobachtenden, markanten Veränderungen im Fossilbestand der Gesteine zu erklären.
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[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcide_Dessalines_d%E2%80%99Orbigny Alcide Dessalines d’Orbigny] (1802-1857)
  
  
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[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvier Georges Cuvier] (1769-1832)
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[[Giovanni Rinaldo Carli]] (1720-1795)
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Carli, Comte Giovanni Rinaldo. Lettres Americaines.
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Buisson, Paris: 1788.
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Carli expands upon the ideas of Whiston and suggests an encounter with a large comet modified earth's previously circular orbit into an elliptical orbit. Each year was lengthened by ten days, one hour, and thirty minutes. The cometary passage pulled the oceans up into and eight mile high flood tide, which together with condensation from the atmosphere, caused the Deluge.
  
 
Andere Katastrophisten, wie [http://www.kalkriese.de/L%C3%A9once_%C3%89lie_de_Beaumont.html Léonce Élie de Beaumont] (1798-1874), unterstrichen die Auswirkungen von Vulkanausbrüchen und Erdbeben auf die Gestalt der Erde.  
 
Andere Katastrophisten, wie [http://www.kalkriese.de/L%C3%A9once_%C3%89lie_de_Beaumont.html Léonce Élie de Beaumont] (1798-1874), unterstrichen die Auswirkungen von Vulkanausbrüchen und Erdbeben auf die Gestalt der Erde.  
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Quelle: [http://www.kalkriese.de/index.htm Kalkriese.de], Stichwort: [http://www.kalkriese.de/Katastrophismus.html Katastrophismus]
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[http://www.velikovsky.info/Johann_Gottlieb_Radlof Johann Gottlieb Radlof] (1775-1846)
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Siehe: [http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Radlof,_Johann_Gottlieb Radlof, Johann Gottlieb]: "[http://books.google.de/books?id=qRI5AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Johann+Gottlieb+Radlof+Zertr%C3%BCmmerung+der+groe%EF%B8%A3n+Planeten+Hesperus+und+Phaeton,+und+darauf&lr=#v=onepage&q=&f=false Zertrümmerung der grossen Planeten Hesperus und Phaethon und die darauf folgenden Zerstörungen und Ueberflutungen auf der Erde; nebst neuen Aufschlüssen über die Mythensprache der alten Völker]", G. Reimer, Berlin, 1823.
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"''In a remarkable display of prescience, Radlof essentially enunciates Velikovsky's theories almost 130 years before Velikovsky. Radlof suggests that a planet between Mars and Jupiter exploded after being struck by a comet. One fragment collided with the Earth, giving rise to the legends of Phaeton, deluges, and combat myths with cosmic monsters like Typhon. Another fragment, taking on a cometary orbit and appearance, encountered the planet Mars and later settled down into its current orbit as the planet Venus. Radlof, a philogist, tries to support his contentions with mythological evidence -- including some of the very same material Velikovsky, among others, later used. This book appears to have been mostly ignored, although the theme of the fragmented fifth planet as Phaeton informed a number of later authors.''"
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Quelle: [http://www.pibburns.com/pib.htm Philip R. "Pib" Burns], [http://www.pibburns.com/catastro.htm Cathastrophism], unter: [http://www.pibburns.com/catasbib/othercat.htm Annotated Bibliography for Catastrophism: Other Catastrophists]
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http://www.allaboutcreation.org/Catastrophism.htm
 
http://www.allaboutcreation.org/Catastrophism.htm
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
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''Laut der These des Katastrophismus kommt es immer nach großen Katastrophen, denen meist ein Massensterben in der Tier- und Pflanzenwelt folgte, zu besonders schnellen Anpassungen an die veränderten Bedingungen im Zuge der Evolution.''" <ref>Quelle: [http://www.kryptozoologie.net/glossar/index.php/Hauptseite Lit Lex], Stichwort: [http://www.kryptozoologie.net/glossar/index.php/Katastrophismus Katastrophismus]</ref>
 
''Laut der These des Katastrophismus kommt es immer nach großen Katastrophen, denen meist ein Massensterben in der Tier- und Pflanzenwelt folgte, zu besonders schnellen Anpassungen an die veränderten Bedingungen im Zuge der Evolution.''" <ref>Quelle: [http://www.kryptozoologie.net/glossar/index.php/Hauptseite Lit Lex], Stichwort: [http://www.kryptozoologie.net/glossar/index.php/Katastrophismus Katastrophismus]</ref>
 
 
''Einige zentrale Persönlichkeiten des Frühen Katastrophismus'''
 
 
[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whiston William Whiston] (1667-1752)
 
 
 
[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcide_Dessalines_d%E2%80%99Orbigny Alcide Dessalines d’Orbigny] (1802-1857)
 
 
 
[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvier Georges Cuvier] (1769-1832)
 
 
[[Giovanni Rinaldo Carli]] (1720-1795)
 
 
Carli, Comte Giovanni Rinaldo. Lettres Americaines.
 
Buisson, Paris: 1788.
 
 
Carli expands upon the ideas of Whiston and suggests an encounter with a large comet modified earth's previously circular orbit into an elliptical orbit. Each year was lengthened by ten days, one hour, and thirty minutes. The cometary passage pulled the oceans up into and eight mile high flood tide, which together with condensation from the atmosphere, caused the Deluge.
 
 
(+x) Siehe: Radlof, Johann Gottlieb, [ Zertrummerung der grossen Planeten Hesperus und Phaethon und die darauf folgenden Zerstorungen und Ueberflutungen auf der Erde; nebst neuen Aufschlussen uber die Mythensprache der alten Volker], G. Reimer, Berlin, 1823.
 
 
In a remarkable display of prescience, Radlof essentially enunciates Velikovsky's theories almost 130 years before Velikovsky. Radlof suggests that a planet between Mars and Jupiter exploded after being struck by a comet. One fragment collided with the Earth, giving rise to the legends of Phaeton, deluges, and combat myths with cosmic monsters like Typhon. Another fragment, taking on a cometary orbit and appearance, encountered the planet Mars and later settled down into its current orbit as the planet Venus. Radlof, a philogist, tries to support his contentions with mythological evidence -- including some of the very same material Velikovsky, among others, later used.
 
 
This book appears to have been mostly ignored, although the theme of the fragmented fifth planet as Phaeton informed a number of later authors.
 
 
 
  
  
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[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite Wikipedia - Die freie Enzyklopädie], Stichwort: [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrophismus Katstrophismus]
 
[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite Wikipedia - Die freie Enzyklopädie], Stichwort: [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrophismus Katstrophismus]
  
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Version vom 13. September 2009, 05:06 Uhr

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Begriffsbestimmung und Geschichte

Abb. 1 William Whewell (1794–1866) prägte und popularisierte Anfang der 1830er Jahre den noch heute gebräuchlichen Ter- minus 'Katastrophismus' und auch das Gegenwort 'Uniformitarismus'.

(red) Der Begriff >Katastrophismus< (Engl.: >Catastrophism<) wurde zu Beginn der 1830er Jahre von dem britischen Philosophen, Theologen, Naturwissenschaftler und Wissenschaftshistoriker William Whewell (Abb. 1) eingeführt (der ebenfalls von ihm geprägte Gegenbegriff lautet: Uniformitarismus). Er bezeichnet eine wissenschaftliche Denkrichtung oder Grundhaltung, welche die überragende Bedeutung katastrophischer Ereignisse für die Geschichte unseres Sonnensystems, der Erde und ihrer Biosphäre, sowie der Entwicklung und Zivilisationsgeschichte der Menschheit hervorhebt.

In der modernen Geologie - von der Lyon Sprague de Camp pointiert erklärt, sie sei im "17. und 18. Jahrhundert" aus "vagen Spekulationen darüber" entstanden, "ob Felsen sich wie Tiere fortpflanzen" [1], stellte der Katastrophismus zunächst


Der bedeutendste Vertreter des Katastrophismus dieser gilt der französische Naturforscher Baron Georges de Cuvier (1769-1832) mit seiner Kataklysmentheorie. Cuvier vermutete, dass am Ende einzelner geologischer Epochen alle Tiere und Pflanzen in einem bestimmten Gebiet durch riesige Naturkatastrophen ('Revolutionen') vernichtet wurden. Wie die meisten seiner Zeitgenossen dachte er hierbei v.a. an große Überschwemmungen, wie etwa die Sintflut. Die vernichteten Lebewesen würden danach von anderen (neu zugewanderten, oder neu erschaffenen) Arten ersetzt. Hiermit versuchte er, die überall zu beobachtenden, markanten Veränderungen im Fossilbestand der Gesteine zu erklären.

Einige zentrale Persönlichkeiten des Frühen Katastrophismus'

John Woodward (1665–1728)

Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672-1733)


William Whiston (1667-1752)


Alcide Dessalines d’Orbigny (1802-1857)


Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)

Giovanni Rinaldo Carli (1720-1795)

Carli, Comte Giovanni Rinaldo. Lettres Americaines. Buisson, Paris: 1788.

Carli expands upon the ideas of Whiston and suggests an encounter with a large comet modified earth's previously circular orbit into an elliptical orbit. Each year was lengthened by ten days, one hour, and thirty minutes. The cometary passage pulled the oceans up into and eight mile high flood tide, which together with condensation from the atmosphere, caused the Deluge.

Andere Katastrophisten, wie Léonce Élie de Beaumont (1798-1874), unterstrichen die Auswirkungen von Vulkanausbrüchen und Erdbeben auf die Gestalt der Erde.

Quelle: Kalkriese.de, Stichwort: Katastrophismus


Johann Gottlieb Radlof (1775-1846)


Siehe: Radlof, Johann Gottlieb: "Zertrümmerung der grossen Planeten Hesperus und Phaethon und die darauf folgenden Zerstörungen und Ueberflutungen auf der Erde; nebst neuen Aufschlüssen über die Mythensprache der alten Völker", G. Reimer, Berlin, 1823.

"In a remarkable display of prescience, Radlof essentially enunciates Velikovsky's theories almost 130 years before Velikovsky. Radlof suggests that a planet between Mars and Jupiter exploded after being struck by a comet. One fragment collided with the Earth, giving rise to the legends of Phaeton, deluges, and combat myths with cosmic monsters like Typhon. Another fragment, taking on a cometary orbit and appearance, encountered the planet Mars and later settled down into its current orbit as the planet Venus. Radlof, a philogist, tries to support his contentions with mythological evidence -- including some of the very same material Velikovsky, among others, later used. This book appears to have been mostly ignored, although the theme of the fragmented fifth planet as Phaeton informed a number of later authors."

Quelle: Philip R. "Pib" Burns, Cathastrophism, unter: Annotated Bibliography for Catastrophism: Other Catastrophists





Earth's history was viewed as the result of an accumulation of catastrophic events over a relatively short time period. It was basically the only way to rationalize the observations of early geologists with a believed short history of Earth before the 18th and 19th centuries.

Abb. 2 Das Titelblatt von Johann Gottlieb Radlofs katastrophistischem Werk aus dem Jahr 1823


Starting in the late 18th century, scientists began looking to other paradigms for explaining geological formations. Two early proponents of the gradualist explanations for the formation of sedimentary rock and the beginnings of an understanding of the immense stretch of geological time or 'Deep time' were the 18th century 'father of geology' James Hutton and the 19th century geologist Charles Lyell.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the great French geologist and naturalist Baron Georges Cuvier proposed what came to be known as the Catastrophe theory or Catastrophism. According to the theory, the abrupt faunal changes geologists saw in rock strata were the result of periodic devastations that wiped out all or most extant species, each successive period being repopulated with new kinds of animals and plants, by God's hand.


From around 1850 to 1980, most geologists endorsed uniformitarianism (the present is generally the same as the past) and gradualism (geologic change occurs slowly over long periods of time) and rejected the idea that cataclysmic events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions played any significant role in the formation of the Earth's surface. In part, the geologists' rejection was fostered by their impression that the catastrophists of the 19th century believed that God was directly involved in determining the history of Earth. Catastophism of the 19th and early 20th centuries was closely tied to religion and catastrophic origins were considered miraculous rather than natural events.

A 1950s proponent of catastrophism was Immanuel Velikovsky, who wrote a number of popular books proposing such speculations as the planet Venus being a "comet" which was ejected from Jupiter 3,500 years ago and which made a number of catastrophic close passes by Earth and the other planets before settling into its current orbit. Velikovsky used this to explain the Biblical plagues of Egypt, the Biblical reference to the "Sun standing still" for a day (explained by changes in Earth's rotation), and the sinking of Atlantis. Most scientists consider Velikovsky's speculations to be pseudoscience at best, and sheer nonsense at worst.

Over the past 25 years, however, a scientifically based catastrophism has gained wide acceptance with regard to certain events in the distant past. One impetus for this change came from the publication of a historic paper by Walter and Luis Alvarez in 1980. This paper suggested that a 10-kilometer asteroid struck Earth 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period. The impact wiped out about 70% of all species, including the dinosaurs, leaving behind the so-called K-T boundary. In 1990, a 180-kilometer candidate crater marking the impact was identified at Chicxulub in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico.

Since then, the debate about the extinction of the dinosaurs and other mass extinction events has centered on whether the extinction mechanism was the asteroid impact, widespread volcanism (which occurred about the same time), or some other mechanism or combination. Most of the mechanisms suggested are catastrophic in nature.

The observation of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 cometary collision with Jupiter illustrated that catastrophic events occur as natural events.

Modern theories also suggest that Earth's anomalously large moon was formed catastrophically. In a paper published in Icarus in 1975, Dr William K. Hartmann and Dr Donald R. Davis proposed that a stochastic catastrophic near-miss by a large planetesimal early in Earth's formation approximately 4.5 billion years ago blew out rocky debris, remelted Earth and formed the Moon, thus explaining the Moon's lesser density and lack of an iron core. See giant impact theory for a more detailed description.

One of the key differences between catastrophism and gradualism is that to function, gradualism requires the assumption of vast timelines, whereas catastrophism can function with or without assumptions of long timelines.

Today most geologists combine catastrophist and gradualist standpoints, taking the view that Earth's history is a slow, gradual story punctuated by occasional natural catastrophic events that have affected Earth and its inhabitants.


Catastrophism: Encyclopedia - Catastrophism


http://books.google.de/books?id=tEBG40-ALR8C&pg=PA70&lpg=PA70&dq=Katastrophismus&source=bl&ots=jN9R31gsT6&sig=8sHP4L_mWwlmeIBw4b_Ltf86i7o&hl=de&ei=Ew2rStOIE8nK_gaN9oW1Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7#v=onepage&q=Katastrophismus&f=false





You are here: Creation >> Catastrophism

Catastrophism -- Past Cataclysmic Activity Der Katastrophismus the idea crustal features (strata layers, erosion, polystrate fossils, etc) formed as a result of past cataclysmic activity. In other words, the Earth’s surface has been scarred by catastrophic natural disasters.

Catastrophism -- Uniformitarianism Catastrophism is contrary to Uniformitarianism, the accepted geological doctrine for over 150 years. Uniformitarianism states that current geologic processes, occurring at the same rates observed today, in the same manner, account for all of earth's geological features. As present processes are thought to explain all past events, the Uniformitarianism slogan is "the present is the key to the past." Uniformitarianism ignores the possibility of past cataclysmic activity upon the surface of the earth. James Hutton first purposed the doctrine of uniformity in his publication, Theory of the Earth (1785). Sir Charles Lyell endorsed Uniformitarianism in his work, Principles of Geology (1830). Uniformitarianism is fundamental to Lyell's geologic column. Uniformitarianism and the geologic column, both of which assume uniformity, have been disputed in recent years by geologic features such as poly-strata fossils, misplaced fossils, missing layers and misplaced layers (including layers in reverse order or "ancient" layers found above "modern" layers). Furthermore, observed cataclysmic events such as the eruption of Mt. St. Helens in 1980 have leant credibility to Catastrophism. Prior to the introduction of Uniformitarianism, Catastrophism was the accepted geological doctrine. Once again, Catastrophism is becoming accepted as an accurate interpretation of earth's geologic history.

Catastrophism -- Empirical Evidence Catastrophism is supported by actual, recorded hi Nearly 300 ancient flood legends have survived the ravishment of time. Legends of a worldwide deluge, commonly known as the "Noachian Flood," are found in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, North American and South America. Furthermore, earth's sedimentary layers with the fossil record seem to suggest a past marine cataclysm. Sedimentary rock (sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, etc) is primarily the result of moving water, laid down layer upon layer by hydrologic sorting. Animals whose fossil remains are found within those layers must have been caught in this running water appear to have been buried and preserved. The remains, as well as the rocks, would be sorted according to density or specific gravity. Otherwise, the carcasses would rot or be scavenged. Approximately 95% of all earth's fossil remains discovered thus far are marine invertebrates. Of the remainder, approximately 4.74% are plant fossils, 0.25% are land invertebrates (including insects), and 0.0125% are vertebrates (the majority of which are fish). Roughly 95% of all land vertebrates discovered and recorded to date consist of less than one bone. The overwhelming majority of the plant fossils found appear to demonstrate an instantaneous burial. The leaves are pressed in fine sediment as if placed between the pages of a book and show no signs of decay or rot.


http://www.allaboutcreation.org/Catastrophism.htm




Fachspezifische Definitionen

Evolutionsbiologie: "Unter dem Begriff Katastrophismus versteht man in der Evolutionsbiologie die These, dass wichtige Entwicklungen und Änderungen auf evolutionärer Basis durch verschiedene Katastrophen (z.B. Vulkanausbrüche, Supervulkane, Meteoriteneinschläge, u.a.) ausgelöst und vorangetrieben wurden.

Laut der These des Katastrophismus kommt es immer nach großen Katastrophen, denen meist ein Massensterben in der Tier- und Pflanzenwelt folgte, zu besonders schnellen Anpassungen an die veränderten Bedingungen im Zuge der Evolution." [2]



http://www.pibburns.com/catastro.htm

http://www.pibburns.com/catastro/othercat.htm

Anmerkungen und Quellen

Verwendetes Material

Wikipedia - Die freie Enzyklopädie, Stichwort: Katstrophismus


Bild-Quellen

(1) Dr. David C. Bossard, Library of 19th Century Science - The Golden Age of Geology

(2) Philip R. "Pib" Burns: Cathastrophism, unter: Title Page of Radlof's Book