Atlantier in Amerika

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Paläolithische Cro-Magnon in Amerika

von unserem Gastautor R. Cedric Leonard

Noch vor nicht ganz dreißig Jahren hätten Experten auf dem Feld der amerikanischen Archäologie die Anwesenheit von Menschen irgendwo auf den Kontinenten von Nord- und Südamerika vor mehr als 12.000 Jahren nicht anerkannt. Die amerikanische Archäologie der Jungsteinzeit war kein Bestandteil des Bildungsplans an den Universitäten von Amerika. Während eines Kurses in europäischer prähistorischer Archäologie an der University of Oklahoma unter Dr. Robert Bell wurden wir von seiner Beteiligung an einer wichtigen Grabung bei Sandia Cave nahe Albuquerque, N. M. informiert. Obwohl die untere Besiedlungs-Ebene eindeutig auf 27.000 v. Chr. datiert wurde (Hibben, 1941), lehnten die Experten ab, dies anzuerkennen (Haynes & Agonino, 1986; Preston, 1995). Dreißig Jahre später haben sich die Dinge etwas geändert. Stätte um Stätte wurde in Nord- und Südamerika entdeckt, wobei sich verlässliche Daten anhäuften, die bis etwa 40.000 Jahre zurück reichen.

Nach Berichten von der Existenz zahlreicher Höhlenmalereien, die 1963 aufzutauchen begannen, wurde 1970 eine Untersuchung der Sao Raimundo Nonata Region in Brasilien durchgeführt. Nachfolgende Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1973 und 1975 brachten mehr als 1000 dekorierte Felsdächer zum Vorschein. Hauptsächlich in rot, gelb, schwarz und weiß (mit etwas grau) angefertigte Figuren von Wild, Jaguaren, Gürteltieren, Eidechsen, Nandus, Krabben, Menschen, Bäumen und verschiedene abstrakte Zeichen wurde allesamt katalogisiert. Grabungen an dieser Stätte wurden erstmals 1978 durch brasilianische Archäologen vom Paulista Museum begonnen, das von Niede Guidon von der University of Sao Paolo geleitet wurde.

Bis heute sind etwa 260 archäologische Stätten (240 davon mit Felsbildkunst) entdeckt worden, die das Interesse von nicht weniger als 35 Spezialisten auf dem Feld der archäologischen Geologie, Ökologie, sowie anderen verwandte Disziplinen auf sich zogen. Sao Raimundo Nonata wird als “in einer der schönsten und wildesten Regionen Südamerikas“ liegend beschrieben. (Guidon, 1987). Die Ureinwohner nennen die Region caat-inga oder „Weißer Wald“.

Abb. x Die künstlerische Abbildung eines frühen, "typisch" cro-magnoiden "Ur-Europäers".

Die Region ist übersät mit kohlehaltigen Feuerstellen. „Kohle-Proben von den Feuerstellen brachten eine regelmäßig angeordnete Reihe von zwölf Carbon-14-Daten, die sich von vor 32.000 bis 32.000 Jahre alt erstreckten“ (ebd.). Die ältesten Datierungen wurden aus roten Stellen von Klumpen gewonnen, die von den Felswänden gefallen und in Schichten eingebettet waren die zwischen 27.000 und 32.000 Jahre alt sind. Bei einer nahe gelegenen Höhle, Toca de Sitio do Meiro, datierten Artefakte zwischen 15.000 und 12.000 Jahre v. d. G. Bereits diese Entdeckungen für sich genommen veranschaulichen, dass Menschen Südamerika seit mindestens 32.000 Jahren bewohnt haben.

Langsam beginnen die Archäologen zu begreifen, dass auch Amerikas Vorgeschichte berücksichtigt werden muss, um die europäische Vorgeschichte zu verstehen. Von den Solutréenern von Spanien und möglicherweise den Magdaléniern wird nun angenommen, dass sie den Atlantik überquert haben, indem sie die südliche Äquatorialströmung nutzten und vor 18.000 – 12.000 Jahren das karibische Gebiet erreicht haben. Von dort zogen sie auf den amerikanischen Kontinent weiter und breiteten sich letztlich sowohl nach Norden als auch nach Süden aus.

Dr. Dennis Stanford vom Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in Washington erklärte: „Wir wissen nun, dass Menschen vor 50.000 Jahren zu segeln lernten. Die Menschheit siedelte damals in Australien, das nicht durch irgendeine Landbrücke mit Asien verbunden war. Es konnte nur mit Booten erreicht werden. Klar haben wir das Segeln Zehntausende von Jahren, bevor Amerika kolonisiert wurde, beherrscht, also sollten wir nicht von der Idee überrascht sein, dass Menschen vor 28.000 Jahren Bootsfahrten über den Atlantischen Ozean unternahmen“. (Stanford & Bradley. 2004)

Dr. Tom D. Dillehay (1999) von der University of Kentucky, der den Standpunkt vertritt, dass Populationen des Menschen Amerika über die Bering-Landbrücke betreten haben, stellt fest: „Das plausibelste Szenario, um die gegenwärtigen archäologischen Beweise unabhängig von einer früheren oder späteren Ankunft zu erklären, ist eine Gründer-Völkerwanderung von Menschen, die sich schnell entlang der pazifischen Küstenlinie von Nord-Amerika nach Südamerika bewegten ... Es ist wahrscheinlich, dass Menschen nicht später als vor 15.000 bis 14.000 Jahren in der Südlichen Hemisphäre ankamen.“ […]

Eine derartige, umstrittene Fundstätte wurde von Dillehay und anderen bei Monte Verde, Chile, ausgegraben. Beweise wurden (bis es fast zuviel des Guten war) während der beiden letzten Dekaden von einem Team aus amerikanischen und chilenischen Archäologen, das von Dillehay geleitet wurde, gesammelt und sorgfältig analysiert. Im Frühjahr 2006 besuchte und inspizierte dann eine Gruppe von Archäologen, darunter mehrere von Monte Verdes rigorosesten Kritikern, die Stätte und inspizierte die Artefakte, um danach gänzlich überzeugt wieder abzureisen.

In seinem Bericht über den Besuch der Stätte sagte Dr. Alex W. Barker, Chefkurator des Dallas Museum of Natural History. „Während es dort sehr lautststark geäußerte Meinungsverschiedenheiten zu verschiedenen Punkten gab, wurde schnell klar, dass sich alle in grundlegender Übereinstimmung über die wichtigste Frage von allen befanden. Monte Verde ist real. Es ist alt. Und es ist ein ganz neues Ballspiel“.

Die einst geläufige Vorstellung, dass [die] Clovis-[Kultur] sich in Nord-Amerika von einem Ursprungspunkt im arktischen Norden ausbreitete, um sich dann südwärts entlang eines „eisfreien Korridors“ zwischen den kontinentalen Gletschern zu bewegen, wird durch die bekannte Verteilung von Stätten nicht länger gestützt. Clovis trat höchstwahrscheinlich von der Richtung der Karibik in die westliche Hemisphäre ein, bevor es nach Norden und Süden auseinander trieb. Da ein Großteil des Landgebiets, das während des Eiszeitalters freigelegt war, nun überschwemmt ist, befindet sich viel archäologisches Material unter Wasser, was den exakten Zeitpunkt des Eintritts nach Amerika schwer bestimmbar macht. (Stanford & Bradley, 2004)

Der Minnesota-Schädel

The above admission opens up several other problems. Archeology is beginning to demonstrate clearly that ice age mankind was getting to the shores of the Americas. But to cross a 3,000 mile-wide ocean requires some technology and logistics that are not being faced. It take several weeks to cross a body of water as large as the Atlantic, which necessitates food, water and other supplies, which in turn require a sufficient amount of storage space. Therefore, we are not talking about small flimsy boats made of animal skins, and a crew of two. A crew of at least a dozen is far more likely.

The skull of the 15 year-old girl known as Minnesota Woman. Her remains were found beneath the layers laid down much later in the area by glacial Lake Pelican in Minnesota which had formed near the end of the Ice Age. (Blegen, 1975) Notice the "European-like" features of this specimen.

We are, therefore, postulating a ship at least as large as the average Viking vessel, or possibly as large as ancient Phoenician warships. Such would need to be propelled by sails or other means, which would necessitate a sizeable crew. Navigational knowledge and techniques (with the necessary instrumentation) must be assumed. The alternative to this is to admit the presence of a reasonably large land mass (and maybe some islands) in the mid-Atlantic during the Ice Age to shorten the trip.

And we shouldn't forget the archeological and anthropological evidence that several ice age "invasions" of Western Europe and Northwest Africa were originating from some unknown location to the west of those land masses during this same time-frame. It seems more reasonable to postulate the presence of a mid-Atlantic land mass with shorter ocean voyages to the east and the west than to theorize about long ocean voyages from starting points on the opposite side of the globe, when the home of the originating culture itself remains a total mystery.

Archeological sites have been discovered in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and South Carolina, dating back 15,000-18,000 years which demonstrate that ocean-going Solutreans may have first entered America from the direction of the Atlantic. Discussion of these and other Solutrean-Clovis connections took place during a recent convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Sometime earlier Dennis Stanford and Bruce Bradley had realized it was necessary to find artifacts in the Americas to bridge the gap in chronology between the Solutrean and Clovis cultures. So they scoured Clovis sites across the continent, places where other archeologists had been digging for years. Their first success came from a site called Cactus Hill, in Virginia, a point that resembled the Solutrean style--and it dated far earlier than the Clovis points. (Stanford & Bradley, 2004)

During the PBS interview, Dr. Stanford stated: "Here we have a projectile point from a feature that dates right at 15,900 years or 16,000 years ago, which is clearly right in the middle between Clovis and Solutrean. And what's really exciting about it is that the technology here is very similar to Solutrean. In fact it's closer to Solutrean than Clovis where you can see that it's in a progression between Solutrean and Clovis, so you have Solutrean, Cactus Hill and Clovis."

According to an interview by A. J. Hostetler, Newpaper Journalist (published in the Richmond Times-Dispatch, May 11, 2006), Stanford stated that his "testable model" rests at least in part on recent findings of early human settlements along the East Coast, including one possibly 17,000 years old along Virginia's Nottoway River called Cactus Hill.

Sandia Cave (Hibben, 1941), The Lewisville site (Krieger, 1957), Meadowcroft Rockshelter (Adovasio, et al., 1990), Cactus Hill (Dillehay, 1989), Monte Verde (Adovasio & Pedler, 1997), and numerous other more recent archeological discoveries, are beginning to fill in the chronological "void" between the time of the Solutreans in Europe and Clovis in America, leaving little doubt that human populations have been living in the Americas for at least 40,000 years. (Dillehay, 1999, et al.)

During the PBS interview, Stanford also noted that during the Ice Age a northern route to the Americas was also possible. He said that ice age fishermen and hunters "sailed the Atlantic in tiny boats made of animal skins 18,000 years ago and colonized the eastern United States." (Stanford & Bradley, 2004)

"The gap between Europe and America was greatly reduced," Stanford said. "It could have been quite feasible for fishermen and whale and seal hunters to sail around the southern rim of the packs of sea-ice that covered the North Atlantic and reach land around the Banks of Newfoundland."

Such a theory (allowing only "tiny boats") at least allows numerous stop-offs for shooting game and collecting ice to provide fresh drinking water. Since at present the possible existence of a relatively large Mid-Atlantic land mass is denied, such a possibility (however bleak) seems to be born more of necessity than of reason.

At that time the planet was in the grip of the Ice Age, and much of its high northern and southern latitudes were desolate. According to Stanford, "Such a journey would represent one of the most astonishing migrations ever undertaken--the Earth wastelands blasted by storms and blizzards." On the other hand, much of the planet's water was locked away in icecaps and glaciers, causing sea levels to be much lower than today's. This exposure of continental shelf would trim the open-ocean gaps to a minimum.

Stanford's theory--outlined at a recent archeology conference in Santa Fe, N.M.--is based on discoveries indicating ancient American people were culturally far more like the Stone Age tribes of France, Spain and Ireland than the Asian people whom scientists had previously thought to be the sole prehistoric settlers of North America. But what about their physical characteristics?

Der Schädel des Kennewick Man

Dr. James C. Chatters, a University of Washington specialist in human osteology, while investigating what originally was taken to be a modern homicide, found himself analyzing the bones of a 9,000 year old skeleton. Upon examination, the 5 feet 9 inches tall specimen had "characteristics that are similar to those of Europeans"; also the skull had "fairly prominent brow ridges." (Chatters, 2000) Now known as Kennewick Man, this skeleton possesses many of the characteristics of our Atlantean Cro-Magnons.

The 9,000 year-old skull of Kennewick Man, found near the Columbia River in Washington.

Dr. Douglas W. Owsley, Division Head for Physical Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution, has recently described the Kennewick skull, as well as certain other ice age American skulls, as being "long-headed and having a short face." (Owsley, Online)

Skulls found in North America dating back into the Ice Age are few in number. If Atlantis did reach eastward toward Spain to a point "facing" (or "opposite") Cadiz, the distance from the western shores of Atlantis to the Americas would have been at least ten times as great. Could this be the reason for the lower amounts of skeletal material and archeological sites in the Americas when compared to Europe?

In this regard, it should be noticed that several of the oldest skulls ever found in the Americas are long-headed (dolichocephalic) and short-faced. This odd combination is known among physical anthropologists as "disharmonism" and is a diagnostic trait of Cro-Magnon Man. Other broad-faced, round-headed (brachycephalic) skulls are most likely representative of the peoples who entered the Americas from Asia via the Bering land bridge.

It's rapidly becoming obvious that there was no "First American". The Americas were being populated as far back as 30,000-40,000 years ago by diverse people from all over the world. Today's anthropologists are finally admitting to "a surprising degree of diversity" among ancient skeletons scattered over the two continents. "In addition, signs of violence seen in the bones would seem to indicate the presence of different and competing peoples." (Morell, 1998; Owsley & Jantz, 1997, et al.)

The proximity of the western shores of Atlantis to the American continent does not appear to enter the equation among most academics. But anthropological remains (bones, skulls, or nearly complete skeletons) tell us much about the kinds of people who were coming here during the Ice Age. On my Anthropology page I mentioned that Cro-Magnoid skulls had been found deep in South America--even as far south as Chile. And throughout this web site I have presented clear evidence that the particular type of man known as Cro-Magnon originated in Atlantis.

On 9 September 2004 during the international "Early Man in America Seminar" in Mexico City, an archeological team from Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History reported one of the most significant finds in recent American archeological history. Three well-preserved skeletons were discovered in underwater caves off the coast of the Yucatan peninsula. Archeologist Arturo Gonzalez led the dive team. The skeletons were found in 65-foot-deep water. Charcoal samples were recovered and sent to the University of California in Riverside, where they were carbon-dated at over 13,000 B.P. Such a find as this is strongly indicative of an "Atlantic" connection.

Drs. Stanford and Bradley point out important discoveries in genetics which have been made by researchers at Emory University and the Universities of Rome and Hamburg. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is inherited exclusively from the mother, normally contains four markers called haplogroups, labeled A, B, C, and D. These four are shared by 95 percent of Native Americans.

Recently, however, the same genetics team identified a fifth haplogroup, called X, which is present in about 20,000 modern Native Americans. Scientists have also done some testing on pre-Columbian Amerind skeletal remains from before 1300, and found haplogroup X in the same proportion as in modern Amerind populations. A most interesting fact is that haplogroup X is most prominent in European populations, but nearly absent in Asian.

No sooner had this hit the airwaves when geneticists began finding traces, however small, of haplogroup X among the peoples of Asia. Reports soon arose among genetic experts that, yes indeed, the X factor had been discovered there. Shortly afterward, minor variations began to play a part.

So far, it appears that haplogroup X (including its variants) is to be found scattered among people living in Europe, Asia Minor, the Near East and North Africa. A relatively small number of people in the Altai region of Siberia have X also. (Derenko, et al., 2001), although geneticists find this occurrence to be of more recent origin (i.e. more recently than 5000 BC). Some X has been found in Mongolia also, but it's said to be "not commom in modern Asia". (Scientific American Frontiers, 2008). It appears that the haplogroup X has not yet been found in the populations of central Asia.

Haplogroup X is turning out to have so many variations (X1, X1a, X1b, X2, X2a, X2b, X2c, X2d, X2e, X2f) that a sort of "genetic chaos" seems to be emerging. Not being a specialist in genetics, I will leave it to the experts to try to sort this out. Unless this state of affairs can be better defined, no one group of colonizers of ice age America can be declared as "correct" to the exclusion of others. This leaves Paleolithic Europeans as one of the several possible candidates.

It has recently been admitted by some geneticists that the founders of Native America may have included those of "Caucasian" ancestry. (Brown, et al., 1998) Many admit that the presence of X in North America opens up the possibility of an early migration westward from Europe. (Havelock, 2004).

No doubt, the controversy raises perplexing problems (especially for those who insist that all Native Americans came across the Bering Land Bridge), but genetic scientists hope to eventually provide answers by sequencing the Mongolian haplogroup X mtDNA to see if it's an intermediate form between European X and Native American X.

However, the possibility that some portions of the Americas were populated from the direction of the Atlantic Ocean must now be considered. To refuse this is to ignore the several non-Mongoloid, European-looking skulls which have been found in both North and South America (the total number of ice age, Native American skulls can be counted on one's fingers). In all fairness such a migration must be included as part of the overall equation.

In addition to the European Marker X in North America, the Araucanians of Chile (most likely arriving in the Americas 18,000-12,000 years ago) carry apparent "Caucasian" genes. For instance, it is common for Araucanians to have curly reddish brown hair and green eyes (Bonnichsen, Lepper, Stanford & Waters).

Other studies show that Mayans, Incas and Auracanians are all virtually 100% group O, with 5-20% of the population being rhesus negative. This was the blood of the original Europeans and stems from Cro-Magnon man (Kurlansky, 2001). The races that possess this blood type are races of the Americas, the Canary Islands, the Berbers, the Basques, and Gaelic Kelts.

I have long suspected that the Araucanians of Chile might be of Cro-Magnon descent, since several Cro-Magnoid skulls have been found in that area, and have also wondered if the language of the Araucanians is in any way related to the Berber-Ibero-Basque Language Complex. It is my hope that some linguist familiar with the native languages of South America will do a study on those languages from that point of view.

We could have descendants of ice age Atlanteans scattered throughout the massive continents of North and South America. All modern scientific theories choose to ignore the possibility of a large Cro-Magnon-populated land mass (Atlantis) lying in the central North Atlantic, which could easily have provided migrations of Cro-Magnon populations in both directions (to Europe and America) during the Ice Age.

Bibliographie

• Adovasio, J. M., J. Donahue, and R. Stuckenrath, "The Meadowcroft Rockshelter Radiocarbon Chronology 1975-1990," American Antiquity, No. 55, 1990.

• Adovasio, J. M., und D. R. Pedler, "Monte Verde and the Antiquity of Humankind in the Americas," Antiquity 71, 1997.

• Blegen, Theodore C., "Minnesota: A History of the State," University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1975.

• Bonnichsen, Robson, Lepper, Bradley T., Stanford, Dennis, Walters, Michael R., (editors) "Paleoamerican Origins: Beyond Clovis." (Peopling of the Americas Publication).

• Brown, Wallace, Schurr, Theodore, Torroni, Allen, Cruciani, Scozzari, Bandelt, Hosseini, Seyed, American Journal of Human Genetics, University of Chicago Press, 1998.

• Chatters, James C., "Mystery of the First Americans," NOVA Online, PBS air date: 15 February 2000.

• Derenko, Grzybowski, Malyarchuk, Czarny, Miscicka-Sliwka & Zakharov, "The Presence of Mitochondrial Haplogroup X in Altaians from South Siberia," The American Society of Human Genetics 69.1, July 2001.

• Dillehay, Tom D., "Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile," Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1989.

• Dillehay, Tom D., "The Late Pleistocene Cultures of South America," Evolutionary Anthropology 7(6), 1999.

• Guidon, Niede, "The First Americans," Natural History, Vol. 96, No. 8, New York, August 1987.

• Haynes Jr., C.V. & Agogino, G., "Geochronology of Sandia Cave," Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, No. 32, 1986.

• Hibben, Frank C., "Evidences of early occupation in Sandia Cave, New Mexico, and in other sites in the Sandia-Manzano region," Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, No. 99, 1941.

• Krieger, Alex D., "The Lewisville Site," American Antiquity, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 1957.

• Kurlansky, Mark, "The Basque History of the World," Random House Publ., New York, 2001.

• Morell, Virginia, "Kennewick Man's Contemporaries," Science, Vol. 280, No. 5361, 10 April 1998.

• Owsley, Douglas, & Jantz, Richard, "The Smithsonian Skeletal Analysis Program and the First Americans," OSU colloquium, 17 April 1997.

• Preston, Douglas, "The Mystery of Sandia Cave," The New Yorker newspaper, 12 June 1995.

• Stanford, Dennis & Bradley, Bruce, NOVA Transcript, "America's Stone Age Explorers," PBS Airdate: November 9, 2004.

Anmerkungen und Quellen

Dieser Beitrag von R. Cedric Leonard © erschien erstmals in englischer Sprache unter dem Titel "ATLANTEANS IN AMERICA - Paleolithic Cro-Magnons in America". Übersetzung ins Deutsche und redaktionelle Bearbeitung durch Atlantisforschung.de.

Bild-Quellen

(x) Jeffrey Shanks, Cro-Magnon Atlanteans Redux, Sunday, February 21, 2010